Europe has seen the greatest growth in
paragliding, with France alone registering in 2011 over 25,000 active pilots.
Wing
Cross section of a paraglider
Transverse cross section showing parts of a
paraglider:
1) upper surface
2) lower surface
3) rib
4) diagonal rib
5) upper line cascade
6) middle line cascade
7) lower line cascade
8) risers
The paraglider wing or canopy is usually
what is known in engineering as a "ram-air airfoil". Such wings
comprise two layers of fabric that are connected to internal supporting
material in such a way as to form a row of cells. By leaving most of the cells
open only at the leading edge, incoming air keeps the wing inflated, thus
maintaining its shape. When inflated, the wing's cross-section has the typical
teardrop aerofoil shape. Modern paraglider wings are made of high-performance
non-porous materials such as ripstop polyester[12] or nylon fabric.[note 1]
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Radio
Radio communications are used in training,
to communicate with other pilots, and to report where and when they intend to
land. These radios normally operate on a range of frequencies in different
countries—some authorised,[18][19] some illegal but tolerated locally. Some
local authorities (e.g., flight clubs) offer periodic automated weather updates
on these frequencies. In rare cases, pilots use radios to talk to airport
control towers or air traffic controllers. Many pilots carry a cell phone so
they can call for pickup should they land away from their intended point of
destination.
GPS
GPS (global positioning system) is a
necessary accessory when flying competitions, where it has to be demonstrated
that way-points have been correctly passed. The recorded GPS track of a flight
can be used to analyze flying technique or can be shared with other pilots. GPS
is also used to determine drift due to the prevailing wind when flying at
altitude, providing position information to allow restricted airspace to be
avoided and identifying one's location for retrieval teams after landing out in
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Forward launch
In low winds, the wing is inflated with a
forward launch, where the pilot runs forward with the wing behind so that the
air pressure generated by the forward movement inflates the wing.
It is often easier, because the pilot only
has to run forward, but the pilot cannot see his wing until it is above him,
where he has to check it in a very short time for correct inflation and
untangled lines before the launch.
Reverse launch
File:Paraglider launch Mam T
Paraglider reverse launch, Mam Tor, England
In higher winds, a reverse launch is used,
with the pilot facing the wing to bring it up into a flying position, then
turning around under the wing and running to complete the launch.
Harness
A pilot with harness (light blue),
performing a reverse launch
The pilot is loosely and comfortably
buckled into a harness, which offers support in both the standing and sitting
positions. Most harnesses have foam or airbag protectors underneath the seat
and behind the back to reduce the impact on failed launches or landings. Modern
harnesses are designed to be as comfortable as a lounge chair in the sitting or
reclining position. Many harnesses even have an adjustable "lumbar
support". A reserve parachute is also typically connected to a paragliding
harness.
Harnesses also vary according to the need
of the pilot, and thereby come in a range of designs, mostly: Training harness
for beginners, Pax harness for tandem passengers that often also doubles as a
training harness, XC Harness for long distance cross country flights, All round
harness for basic to intermediate pilots, Pod harness, which is for
intermediate to pro pilots that focus on XC. Acro harnesses are special designs
for acrobatic pilots, Kids tandem harnesses are also now available with special
child-proof locks.
The next step in the launch is to bring the
wing into the lift zone. There are two techniques for accomplishing this
depending on wind conditions. In light wind this is usually done after turning
to the front, steering with the feet towards the low wing tip, and applying
light brakes in a natural sense to keep the wing horizontal. In stronger wind
conditions it is often found to be easier to remain facing downwind while
moving slowly and steadily backwards into the wind.
Knees bent to load the wing, foot
adjustments to remain central and minimum use of Cs or Brakes to keep the wing
horizontal. Pirouette when the feet are close to lifting. This option has two
distinct advantages. a) The pilot can see the wing centre marker (an aid to
centring the feet) and, if necessary, b) the pilot can move briskly towards the
wing to assist with an emergency deflation.
With either method it is essential to check
"traffic" across the launch face before committing to flight.
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The glide ratio of paragliders ranges from
9.3 for recreational wings to about 11.3 for modern competition models,[16]
reaching in some cases up to 13.[17] For comparison, a typical skydiving
parachute will achieve about 3:1 glide. A hang glider ranges from 9.5 for
recreational wings to about 16.5 for modern competition models. An idling
(gliding) Cessna 152 light aircraft will achieve 9:1. Some sailplanes can
achieve a glide ratio of up to 72:1.
The speed range of paragliders is typically
20–75 kilometres per hour (12–47 mph), from stall speed to maximum speed.
Beginner wings will be in the lower part of this range, high-performance wings
in the upper part of the range.[note 2]
For storage and carrying, the wing is
usually folded into a stuffsack (bag), which can then be stowed in a large
backpack along with the harness. For pilots who may not want the added weight
or fuss of a backpack, some modern harnesses include the ability to turn the
harness inside out such that it becomes a backpack.
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